Ghazali and Ash‘arism Revisited
نویسنده
چکیده
Much has been written on the relation of Ghazali (al-Ghaz®l¬) to Ash‘arism1 that, among other things, indicate his criticisms of the kal®m.2 Underlying his criticisms is a primary thesis, namely that the main function of kal®m is the protection of traditional Islamic belief (‘aq¬da), rooted in the Qur’®n and guided by the customary practice of the prophet, the sunna, against heretical innovations (al-bida‘).3 Kal®m is not an end in itself and it is error to think that the mere engagement in it constitutes the experientially religious or that it is always needed for attaining salvation in the hereafter.4 Its role is very much akin to that of the armed guards protecting the pilgrims’ caravan against bedouin marauders.5 It is needed, but only as a means to an end. Again, it is like medicine, which at times is certainly needed. But when not needed, or when needed, but not properly administered, it can be very harmful.6 As such the commonality (al-‘®mma) of believers, whose faith consists
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